Factors associated with skin-to-skin contact less than 180 min/day in newborns weighing up to 1,800 g: multicenter study.

This article aims to evaluate the factors associated with a skin-to-skin contact time <180 min/day in newborns weighing up to 1,800 g during neonatal hospitalization. Prospective observational cohort study conducted in neonatal units of reference for the Kangaroo Method in Brazil. Data from 405 dyads (mother/child) were analyzed from May 2018 to March 2020. Maternal and neonatal explanatory variables were collected from medical records and interviews. Skin-to-skin contact was recorded in forms posted at the bedside, filled out by parents and staff. The outcome variable was the mean time of skin-to-skin contact < 180 min/day. Hierarchical modeling was performed by Poisson regression with robust variance. The variables associated with the outcome were "without easy access to the hospital", "without previous knowledge of the kangaroo method" and "having had morbidities during pregnancy". Mothers without easy access to the hospital and who are unaware of the kangaroo method should be priority targets for health policies to develop strategies that promote greater exposure to skin-to-skin contact during the hospitalization period of their children.

Factors associated with skin-to-skin contact less than 180 min/day in newborns weighing up to 1,800 g: multicenter study / Fatores associados ao contato pele a pele inferior a 180 min/dia em recém-nascidos com peso até 1.800 g: estudo multicêntrico

Abstract This article aims to evaluate the factors associated with a skin-to-skin contact time <180 min/day in newborns weighing up to 1,800 g during neonatal hospitalization. Prospective observational cohort study conducted in neonatal units of reference for the Kangaroo Method in Brazil. Data from 405 dyads (mother/child) were analyzed from May 2018 to March 2020. Maternal and neonatal explanatory variables were collected from medical records and interviews. Skin-to-skin contact was recorded in forms posted at the bedside, filled out by parents and staff. The outcome variable was the mean time of skin-to-skin contact < 180 min/day. Hierarchical modeling was performed by Poisson regression with robust variance. The variables associated with the outcome were "without easy access to the hospital", "without previous knowledge of the kangaroo method" and "having had morbidities during pregnancy". Mothers without easy access to the hospital and who are unaware of the kangaroo method should be priority targets for health policies to develop strategies that promote greater exposure to skin-to-skin contact during the hospitalization period of their children.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar os fatores associados ao tempo de contato pele a pele < 180 min/dia em recém-nascidos com peso até 1.800 g durante a internação neonatal. Estudo observacional tipo coorte prospectivo conduzido em unidades neonatais de referência no Brasil. Foram analisados dados de 405 díades (mãe/filho), no período de maio de 2018 a março de 2020. As características da mãe e do recém-nascido foram coletadas em prontuários e entrevistas, a realização do contato pele-a-pele era registrada em fichas anexadas ao leito, preenchidas pela equipe e pelos pais. A variável desfecho foi o tempo médio diário de contato pele-a-pele inferior a 180 minutos. Foi realizada modelagem hierarquizada utilizando a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta para cálculo das razões de prevalência. As variáveis que permaneceram independentemente associadas foram: "não ter fácil acesso ao hospital" (morar longe ou ter dificuldade de transporte), "não possuir conhecimento prévio sobre o método canguru" e "ter apresentado morbidades durante a gestação". Mães sem fácil acesso ao hospital e que desconhecem o método canguru devem ser alvos prioritários das políticas de saúde para desenvolver estratégias que promovam maior exposição ao contato pele a pele durante o período de internação de seus filhos.

Características do contato pele a pele em unidades neonatais brasileiras: estudo multicêntrico / Características del contacto piel con piel en unidades neonatales brasileñas: estudio multicéntrico / Characteristics of skin-to-skin contact in Brazilian neonatal units: a multicenter study

Resumo Objetivo Descrever o início, duração, local e quem realiza o contato pele a pele em unidades neonatais brasileiras. Métodos Estudo multicêntrico descritivo, longitudinal, realizado de maio de 2018 a março de 2020, em cinco unidades neonatais referência para o Método Canguru no Brasil, que incluiu recém-nascidos com peso até 1800g. As características maternas e dos recém-nascidos foram coletadas em prontuários e entrevistas. A prática do contato pele a pele era registrada em cartões anexados ao leito, preenchidos pela equipe e pelos pais. A análise ocorreu por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados Foram incluídos 405 recém-nascidos, 51,4% do sexo masculino, mediana de idade gestacional de 31,4 semanas e de peso ao nascimento de 1.412g. Em relação ao tempo de realização do contato pele a pele, a mediana da frequência do contato diário foi de 1,5 vezes (IIQ: 1,2 - 2,4), o tempo/dia de 147 min/dia (IIQ: 106,7 - 263,0) e a realização do primeiro contato aos cinco dias de vida (IIQ:4,0-8,0). O maior tempo de contato/dia foi realizado pelas mães, com mediana de 137,8 min/dia (IIQ:95,6-232,1) e a segunda etapa do Método Canguru, Unidade de Cuidados Intermediários Canguru, foi o local onde se realizou por maior tempo o contato, com mediana de 184,4 min/dia (IIQ:124,7-455,4). Conclusão Nas unidades avaliadas, o contato pele a pele é praticado de forma intermitente, poucas vezes por dia, predominantemente pelas mães e com maior tempo de exposição na segunda etapa. É necessário buscar meios que possibilitem mais encontros entre mãe/pai-filho e que dê condições de maior permanência dos genitores no hospital.

Resumen Objetivo Describir el inicio, duración, lugar y quién realiza el contacto piel con piel en unidades neonatales brasileñas. Métodos Estudio multicéntrico descriptivo, longitudinal, realizado de mayo de 2018 a marzo de 2020, en cinco unidades neonatales de referencia del Método Canguro en Brasil, que incluyó recién nacidos de hasta 1800 g de peso. Las características maternas y de los recién nacidos fueron recopiladas en historias clínicas y entrevistas. La práctica del contacto piel con piel fue registrada en tarjetas anexadas a la cama, completadas por el equipo y por los padres. El análisis se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva. Resultados Se incluyeron 405 recién nacidos, 51,4 % de sexo masculino, mediana de 31,4 semanas de edad gestacional y de 1412 g de peso al nacer. Con relación al tiempo de realización del contacto piel con piel, la mediana de la frecuencia del contacto diario fue 1,5 veces (IIQ: 1,2 - 2,4), el tiempo/día fue de 147 min/día (IIQ: 106,7 - 263,0) y la realización del primer contacto a los cinco días de vida (IIQ:4,0-8,0). El mayor tiempo de contacto/día fue realizado por las madres, con una mediana de 137,8 min/día (IIQ:95,6-232,1) y la segunda etapa del Método Canguro, la Unidad de Cuidados Intermedios Canguro, fue el lugar donde se realizó el contacto por mayor tiempo, con una mediana de 184,4 min/día (IIQ:124,7-455,4). Conclusión En las unidades analizadas, el contacto piel con piel se practica de forma intermitente, pocas veces por día, predominantemente por las madres y con mayor tiempo de exposición en la segunda etapa. Es necesario buscar medios que permitan más encuentros entre madre/padre-hijo y que ofrezcan condiciones de mayor permanencia de los progenitores en el hospital.

Abstract Objective To describe the beginning, duration, location and who makes skin-to-skin contact in Brazilian neonatal units. Methods This is a descriptive, longitudinal multicenter study, carried out from May 2018 to March 2020, in five reference neonatal units for Kangaroo Mother Care in Brazil, which included newborns weighing up to 1,800 grams. Maternal and newborn characteristics were collected from medical records and interviews. Skin-to-skin contact was recorded on cards attached to the bed, filled in by the team and fathers. Analysis occurred through descriptive statistics. Results We included 405 newborns, 51.4% male, median gestational age of 31.4 weeks and birth weight of 1,412 grams. Regarding skin-to-skin contact time, the median daily contact frequency was 1.5 times (IQR: 1.2 - 2.4), the time/day was 147 min/day (IQR: 106.7 - 263.0) and the first contact at five days of life (IQR:4.0-8.0). The longest contact time/day was performed by mothers, with a median of 137.8 minutes per day (IQR:95.6-232.1), and the second stage of kangaroo Mother Care, kangaroo Intermediate Care Unit, was the place where contact was performed for the longest time, with a median of 184.4 minutes per day (IQR:124.7-455.4). Conclusion In the units assessed, skin-to-skin contact is practiced intermittently, a few times a day, predominantly by mothers and with longer exposure time in the second stage. It is necessary to seek ways that allow more encounters between mother/father-child and that gives conditions of greater permanence of fathers in the hospital.

Sentimentos, reações e expectativas de mães de crianças nascidas com microcefalia pelo vírus zika / Feelings, reactions and expectations of mothers of children born with microcephaly by zika virus

Resumo Introdução: Em 2015, o Brasil foi afetado pela epidemia de microcefalia. As famílias atingidas vivenciaram uma doença desconhecida. Objetivo: Analisar sentimentos, reações e expectativas de mães de crianças nascidas com microcefalia pelo vírus Zika. Método: Abordagem qualitativa. Realizadas entrevistas estruturadas e semiestruturadas com 19 mães e uma bisavó. Análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Resultados: Os sentimentos descritos foram tristeza, medo, ansiedade e, algumas vezes, culpa. As reações relatadas foram choque, desespero, busca por informações, negação e, além disso, cada entrevistada vivenciou diferentes formas de aceitação. O luto do filho desejado foi um processo lento e doloroso. A maioria teve gestação não planejada, o que pareceu não ter influenciado nos sentimentos e reações provocados pelo diagnóstico dos filhos. As expectativas em relação ao futuro da criança envolveram medo da morte prematura e preocupações com o desenvolvimento motor, especialmente a incapacidade de andar e comer sozinho, levando à dependência. Conclusões: Diante do nascimento de um filho com microcefalia, as mães precisaram refazer seus planos à luz de uma nova realidade, que impactou na qualidade de vida. Os profissionais precisam estar preparados para lidar com tais questões, garantindo também atenção às mães.

Abstract Background: In 2015, Brazil was affected by the microcephaly epidemic, when affected families experienced an unknown disease. Objective: To analyze the feelings, reactions, and expectations of mothers of children born with microcephaly due to the Zika virus. Method: Qualitative approach. Structured and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 19 mothers and a great-grandmother. Content analysis in thematic modality. Results: The feelings described were sadness, fear, anxiety and, sometimes, guilt. The reactions reported were shock, despair, search for information, denial, and each interviewee experienced different forms of acceptance. Grieving the desired child was a slow and painful process. Most had unplanned pregnancies, which did not seem to have influenced the feelings and reactions caused by the children's diagnosis. Expectations regarding the child's future involved fear of premature death, concerns about motor development, especially the inability to walk and eat alone, leading to dependence. Conclusion: Given the birth of a child with microcephaly, mothers needed to redo their plans in the light of a new reality, which impacted on their quality of life. Professionals need to be prepared to deal with such issues while also ensuring attention to mothers.

Para além do imaginável: experiências vividas por profissionais de saúde em UTI durante a pandemia da Covid-19 / Beyond the imaginable: experiences lived by ICU health professionals during the Covid-19 pandemic

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar experiências de profissionais relacionadas às mudanças no trabalho em saúde em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, durante o período crítico da primeira onda da pandemia da Covid-19 no Maranhão. Estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva de hospitais públicos no Maranhão, de novembro de 2020 a janeiro de 2021. Participaram do estudo 15 profissionais. A técnica utilizada para coleta de dados foi a entrevista semiestruturada, com amostra definida pelo critério de saturação dos sentidos. Utilizaram-se da análise de conteúdo e do software NVIVO® 12. Evidenciou-se que sobrecarga de trabalho, escassez de profissionais e o medo do contágio afetaram a qualidade da assistência e geraram novas formas de produção do cuidado. Naquele contexto, ofertar a assistência de "alto padrão" foi um desafio que perpassou os espaços social e técnico da terapia intensiva. Vivenciar as mortes em maior escala afetou as relações intersubjetivas nas esferas pessoal e profissional. As mudanças na organização do espaço, a assistência e as relações interprofissionais podem indicar caminhos para se repensar os efeitos desse fenômeno para agentes, usuários e serviços, além de fornecer maiores habilidades para lidar com cenários emergenciais futuros.

Abstract The study aimed to analyze the experiences lived by professionals related to changes in health work in the Intensive Care Unit, during the critical period of the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic in Maranhão. This is a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, carried out in the Intensive Care Units of public hospitals in Maranhão, from November 2020 to January 2021. Fifteen professionals took part in the study. Data collection was done through semi-structured interviews, with the sample defined by the criterion of saturation of meanings. Content analysis and NVIVO® 12 software were used. It emerged that work overload, shortage of professionals and fear of contagion affected the quality of care and generated new ways of producing care. In that context, providing "high standard" care was a challenge cutting across the social and technical spaces of intensive care. Experiencing deaths on a larger scale affected intersubjective relationships in personal and professional spheres. Changes in the organization of space, care and interprofessional relationships may indicate ways to rethink the effects of this phenomenon on agents, users and services, as well as providing greater skills to deal with future emergency scenarios.

The role of skin-to-skin contact in exclusive breastfeeding: a cohort study.

OBJETIVE: To understand the role of exposure to skin-to-skin contact and its minimum duration in determining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge in infants weighing up to 1,800g at birth. METHODS: A multicenter cohort study was carried out in five Brazilian neonatal units. Infants weighing ≤ 1,800g at birth were eligible. Skin-to-skin contact time was recorded by the health care team and parents on an individual chart. Maternal and infant data was obtained from maternal questionnaires and medical records. The Classification Tree, a machine learning method, was used for data analysis; the tree growth algorithm, using statistical tests, partitions the dataset into mutually exclusive subsets that best describe the response variable and calculates appropriate cut-off points for continuous variables, thus generating an efficient explanatory model for the outcome under study. RESULTS: A total of 388 infants participated in the study, with a median of 31.6 (IQR = 29-31.8) weeks of gestation age and birth weight of 1,429g (IQR = 1,202-1,610). The exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge was 61.6%. For infant's weighting between 1,125g and 1,655g, exposed to skin-to-skin contact was strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Moreover, infants who made an average > 149.6 min/day of skin-to-skin contact had higher chances in this outcome (74% versus 46%). In this group, those who received a severity score (SNAPPE-II) equal to zero increased their chances of breastfeeding (83% versus 63%). CONCLUSION: Skin-to-skin contact proved to be of great relevance in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge for preterm infants weighing 1,125g-1,655g at birth, especially in those with lower severity scores.

Skin-to-skin contact and deaths in newborns weighing up to 1800 grams: a cohort study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between dose of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) per day and initiation time with the occurrence of deaths in newborns with weight up to 1800g. Method: Multicentric cohort in five Brazilian neonatal units, including newborns with a birth weight of ≤1800g. The time of SSC was registered in individual file, by the team or family during the hospitalization. Maternal and newborn data were obtained through questionnaires applied to mothers and in medical records. Classification Tree was used for data analysis. Results: The performance of the first SSC after 206h was significantly associated with death (p = 0.02). Although there was no association between SSC/day and death (p = 0.09), the number of deaths among those who performed more than 146.9 minutes/day was lower (3;1.5%) than among those who performed this practice for a shorter time (13;6.4%), a fact considered of great clinical importance. Early and late infections present statistically significant associations with the outcome. The chance of death was equal to zero when there was no early infection in the group with the longest duration of SSC. This probability was also equal to zero in the absence of late sepsis for the group with less than 146.9 minutes/day of SSC. Conclusions: The first SSC before 206 hours of life is recommended in order to observe a reduction in the risk of neonatal death. Staying in SSC for more than 146.9 min/day seems to be clinically beneficial for these neonates mostly when it was associated with the absence of infection.

Sex-Specific Effects of Nutritional Supplements for Infants Born Early or Small: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis (ESSENCE IPD-MA) I-Cognitive Function and Metabolic Risk.

Neonatal nutritional supplements are widely used to improve growth and development but may increase risk of later metabolic disease, and effects may differ by sex. We assessed effects of supplements on later development and metabolism. We searched databases and clinical trials registers up to April 2019. Participant-level data from randomised trials were included if the intention was to increase macronutrient intake to improve growth or development of infants born preterm or small-for-gestational-age. Co-primary outcomes were cognitive impairment and metabolic risk. Supplementation did not alter cognitive impairment in toddlers (13 trials, n = 1410; adjusted relative risk (aRR) 0.88 [95% CI 0.68, 1.13]; p = 0.31) or older ages, nor alter metabolic risk beyond 3 years (5 trials, n = 438; aRR 0.94 [0.76, 1.17]; p = 0.59). However, supplementation reduced motor impairment in toddlers (13 trials, n = 1406; aRR 0.76 [0.60, 0.97]; p = 0.03), and improved motor scores overall (13 trials, n = 1406; adjusted mean difference 1.57 [0.14, 2.99]; p = 0.03) and in girls not boys (p = 0.03 for interaction). Supplementation lowered triglyceride concentrations but did not affect other metabolic outcomes (high-density and low-density lipoproteins, cholesterol, fasting glucose, blood pressure, body mass index). Macronutrient supplementation for infants born small may not alter later cognitive function or metabolic risk, but may improve early motor function, especially for girls.

Sex-Specific Effects of Nutritional Supplements for Infants Born Early or Small: An Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis (ESSENCE IPD-MA) II: Growth.

Neonatal nutritional supplements may improve early growth for infants born small, but effects on long-term growth are unclear and may differ by sex. We assessed the effects of early macronutrient supplements on later growth. We searched databases and clinical trials registers from inception to April 2019. Participant-level data from randomised trials were included if the intention was to increase macronutrient intake to improve growth or development of infants born preterm or small-for-gestational-age. Co-primary outcomes were cognitive impairment and metabolic risk. Supplementation did not alter BMI in childhood (kg/m2: adjusted mean difference (aMD) -0.11[95% CI -0.47, 0.25], p = 0.54; 3 trials, n = 333). Supplementation increased length (cm: aMD 0.37[0.01, 0.72], p = 0.04; 18 trials, n = 2008) and bone mineral content (g: aMD 10.22[0.52, 19.92], p = 0.04; 6 trials, n = 313) in infancy, but not at older ages. There were no differences between supplemented and unsupplemented groups for other outcomes. In subgroup analysis, supplementation increased the height z-score in male toddlers (aMD 0.20[0.02, 0.37], p = 0.03; 10 trials, n = 595) but not in females, and no significant sex interaction was observed (p = 0.21). Macronutrient supplementation for infants born small may not alter BMI in childhood. Supplementation increased growth in infancy, but these effects did not persist in later life. The effects did not differ between boys and girls.

Skin-to-skin contact and deaths in newborns weighing up to 1800 grams: a cohort study.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between dose of skin-to-skin contact (SSC) per day and initiation time with the occurrence of deaths in newborns with weight up to 1800g. METHOD: Multicentric cohort in five Brazilian neonatal units, including newborns with a birth weight of ≤1800g. The time of SSC was registered in individual file, by the team or family during the hospitalization. Maternal and newborn data were obtained through questionnaires applied to mothers and in medical records. Classification Tree was used for data analysis. RESULTS: The performance of the first SSC after 206h was significantly associated with death (p = 0.02). Although there was no association between SSC/day and death (p = 0.09), the number of deaths among those who performed more than 146.9 minutes/day was lower (3;1.5%) than among those who performed this practice for a shorter time (13;6.4%), a fact considered of great clinical importance. Early and late infections present statistically significant associations with the outcome. The chance of death was equal to zero when there was no early infection in the group with the longest duration of SSC. This probability was also equal to zero in the absence of late sepsis for the group with less than 146.9 minutes/day of SSC. CONCLUSIONS: The first SSC before 206 hours of life is recommended in order to observe a reduction in the risk of neonatal death. Staying in SSC for more than 146.9 min/day seems to be clinically beneficial for these neonates mostly when it was associated with the absence of infection.

Utilização do cuidado popular por egressos de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal / Utilización del cuidado popular en niños salidos de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales / Use of popular care by discharged patients of a neonatal intensive care unit

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a relação entre a busca por cuidados populares e condições socioeconômicas e de saúde relacionadas às crianças egressas de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal. Métodos Coorte retrospectiva com 165 crianças menores de 48 meses, egressas de unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal de duas das maiores maternidades públicas de uma capital do nordeste brasileiro, nos anos de 2014 e 2015. Dados perinatais foram obtidos de prontuários e sobre cuidados de saúde por meio de questionários. Criou-se um modelo teórico, estabelecendo relações entre condições socioeconômicas, presença de morbidade na alta e o impacto direto ou indireto no uso do setor popular. Para análise, utilizou-se Modelagem de Equações Estruturais (α=5%). Resultados A utilização do setor popular foi a menos prevalente entre os três setores de cuidado. A presença de morbidade na alta registrou efeito total significante (coeficiente padronizado de 0,302; valor de p=0,030), porém, sem efeito direto para a busca por esse setor. Dentre as práticas do setor popular, a procura por benzedeira/curandeiro (55,3%) foi a mais prevalente. Conclusão Apresentar morbidade na alta da unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, associada a outras variáveis não identificadas, é fator que pode influenciar na busca por cuidados de saúde no setor popular, sem excluir a busca por cuidados com profissionais da saúde.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la relación entre la búsqueda de cuidados populares y las condiciones socioeconómicas y de salud relacionadas con niños salidos de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Métodos Cohorte retrospectiva con 165 niños menores de 48 meses, salidos de unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales de dos de las mayores maternidades públicas de una capital del nordeste brasileño, durante los años 2014 y 2015. Los datos perinatales se obtuvieron de las historias clínicas y los datos sobre cuidados de salud por medio de cuestionarios. Se creó un modelo teórico, que estableció relaciones entre condiciones socioeconómicas, presencia de morbilidad en el alta e impacto directo o indirecto en el uso del sector popular. Para el análisis, se utilizó el Modelo de Ecuaciones Estructurales (α=5 %). Resultados La utilización del sector popular fue la menos prevalente entre los tres sectores de cuidado. La presencia de morbilidad en el alta registró un efecto total significante (coeficiente estandardizado de 0,302; valor de p=0,030), pero sin efecto directo en la búsqueda de ese sector. Entre las prácticas del sector popular, la búsqueda de acceder a un curandero (55,3 %) fue la más prevalente. Conclusión Presentar morbilidad en el alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales, junto con otras variables no identificadas, es un factor que puede influenciar en la búsqueda de cuidados de salud en el sector popular, sin excluir la búsqueda de cuidados con profesionales de salud.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the relationship between the search for popular care and socioeconomic and health conditions related to children discharged from a neonatal intensive care unit. Methods Retrospective cohort with a total of 165 children under 48 months old, discharged from the neonatal intensive care unit of two of the largest public maternity hospitals in a capital city in northeastern Brazil, in 2014 and 2015. Perinatal data were obtained from medical records and on health care through questionnaires. A theoretical model was created, establishing relationships between socioeconomic conditions, the presence of morbidity at discharge and the direct or indirect impact on the use of the popular sector. For analysis, Structural Equation Modeling was used (α=5%). Results The use of the popular sector was the least prevalent among the three care sectors. The presence of morbidity at discharge had a significant total effect (standardized coefficient of 0.302; p-value = 0.030), however, with no direct effect on the search for this sector. Among the practices of the popular sector, the search for a healer (55.3%) was the most prevalent. Conclusion Having morbidity at discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit, associated with other unidentified variables, is a factor that can influence the search for health care in the popular sector, without excluding the search for care with health professionals.

The role of skin-to-skin contact in exclusive breastfeeding: a cohort study

ABSTRACT OBJETIVE To understand the role of exposure to skin-to-skin contact and its minimum duration in determining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge in infants weighing up to 1,800g at birth. METHODS A multicenter cohort study was carried out in five Brazilian neonatal units. Infants weighing ≤ 1,800g at birth were eligible. Skin-to-skin contact time was recorded by the health care team and parents on an individual chart. Maternal and infant data was obtained from maternal questionnaires and medical records. The Classification Tree, a machine learning method, was used for data analysis; the tree growth algorithm, using statistical tests, partitions the dataset into mutually exclusive subsets that best describe the response variable and calculates appropriate cut-off points for continuous variables, thus generating an efficient explanatory model for the outcome under study. RESULTS A total of 388 infants participated in the study, with a median of 31.6 (IQR = 29-31.8) weeks of gestation age and birth weight of 1,429g (IQR = 1,202-1,610). The exclusive breastfeeding rate at discharge was 61.6%. For infant's weighting between 1,125g and 1,655g, exposed to skin-to-skin contact was strongly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Moreover, infants who made an average > 149.6 min/day of skin-to-skin contact had higher chances in this outcome (74% versus 46%). In this group, those who received a severity score (SNAPPE-II) equal to zero increased their chances of breastfeeding (83% versus 63%). CONCLUSION Skin-to-skin contact proved to be of great relevance in maintaining exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge for preterm infants weighing 1,125g-1,655g at birth, especially in those with lower severity scores.

Care for healthy newborns in Brazil: are we making progress in achieving best practices? / Atenção hospitalar ao recém-nascido saudável no Brasil: estamos avançando na garantia das boas práticas?

This paper aims to compare best practices for healthy newborns in public and mixed hospitals affiliated with SUS, according to type of birth, between "Nascer no Brasil/2011" (NB - Birth in Brazil) and in the last assessment cycle of Rede Cegonha, here called "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017" (ARC - Stork Network Assessment). NB included a sample with national representativeness of 266 hospitals, and ARC was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals included in the Rede Cegonha strategy, totaling 15,994 and 8,047 pairs of healthy mothers and newborns, respectively.Between the two studies, NB-2011 and ARC-2017, although the proportion of cesarean sections remained around 44%, the prevalence of skin-to-skin contact with newborns, breastfeeding in the delivery room and breastfeeding in the first 24h of life increased by 140%, 82% and 6%, respectively. The proportion of upper airway aspiration of newborns dropped 65%. The results indicate that the use of evidence-based guidelines for the care of healthy newborns has increased in clinical practice, considering the six-year period between the compared studies. Despite the progress, important challenges remain to ensure best practices for all women and newborns, especially in relation to cesarean births.

O artigo tem como objetivo comparar práticas do cuidado ao recém-nascido saudável no momento do nascimento em hospitais públicos e mistos conveniados ao SUS, segundo o tipo de parto, verificadas na pesquisa "Nascer no Brasil/2011" (NB) e no último ciclo avaliativo da RC, aqui denominada "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017" (ARC). O NB incluiu uma amostra com representatividade nacional de 266 hospitais e a ARC foi conduzida em 606 maternidades inseridas na estratégia Rede Cegonha, totalizando 15.994 e 8.047 pares de puérperas e recém-nascidos saudáveis, respectivamente. Entre os dois estudos, NB-2011 e ARC-2017, embora a proporção de cesariana tenha se mantido em torno de 44%, a prevalência do contato pele a pele com o RN, da amamentação na sala de parto e nas primeiras 24h de vida aumentaram, 140%, 82% e 6%, respectivamente. Já a proporção de aspiração de vias aéreas superiores do RN, caiu 65%. Os resultados indicam que o uso de diretrizes baseadas em evidências para o cuidado de recém-nascidos saudáveis aumentou na prática clínica, considerando o período de seis anos entre os estudos comparados. Apesar desse progresso, permanecem importantes desafios para garantir as melhores práticas para a totalidade de mulheres e recém-nascidos, principalmente em relação aos partos cesáreos.

Evaluation of the birthplace of newborns with gestational age less than 34 weeks according to the complexity of the Neonatal Unit in maternity hospitals linked to the "Rede Cegonha": Brazil, 2016-2017. / Avaliação do local de nascimento de recém-natos com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas segundo complexidade da Unidade Neonatal em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha: Brasil, 2016-2017.

This study aims to evaluate the birthplace of preterm infants with less than 34 gestational weeks at birth by type of neonatal care service in maternity hospitals of the "Rede Cegonha" and estimate the maternal factors associated with the inadequate place of birth for gestational age. This national cross-sectional study was performed in 2016/2017 to evaluate health establishments with the Rede Cegonha's action plan. Information was analyzed from 303 puerperae and the respective health establishments of their births. Newborns were classified by gestational age at birth (<30 and 30-33 weeks) and health establishments as hospitals with neonatal intensive care service, hospitals with intermediate neonatal care service, and hospitals without neonatal care service. Ministerial Ordinance N° 930/2012 was used to classify the birthplace as appropriate for the newborn's gestational age. Preterm birth prevalence was 37.3 at less than 30 weeks' gestation and 66.8 at 30-33 weeks. Birth in inappropriate services for the newborn's gestational age occurred in 6.3%, with significant regional and social differences. Inequalities in access to neonatal care for preterm infants persist in the "Rede Cegonha" despite advances.

O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o local de nascimento dos prematuros com menos de 34 semanas gestacionais segundo tipo de serviço de assistência neonatal em maternidades da Rede Cegonha, bem como estimar os fatores maternos associados ao local de nascimento não apropriado para idade gestacional. Estudo seccional, de âmbito nacional, realizado em 2016/2017, para avaliação de estabelecimentos com plano de ação da Rede Cegonha. Foram analisadas informações de 303 puérperas e os respectivos locais de ocorrência do parto. Os recém-natos foram classificados segundo a idade gestacional ao nascer (< 30 e 30 a 33 semanas) e os serviços de saúde como unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais, cuidados intermediários, sem serviço de cuidados neonatais. A portaria ministerial nº 930/2012 foi utilizada para classificar o local de nascimento como apropriado para a idade gestacional do recém-nato. A prevalência de nascimento pré-termo com menos de 30 semanas gestacional foi 37,3 e entre 30 e 33 semanas de 66,8. O nascimento em serviços não apropriado para a idade gestacional do recém-nascido ocorreu em 6,3%, com importantes diferenças regionais e sociais. Apesar dos avanços ainda persistem inequidades no acesso aos cuidados neonatais de prematuros na Rede Cegonha.

Neonatal bed status in Brazilian maternity hospitals: an exploratory analysis. / Situação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades brasileiras: uma análise exploratória.

Neonatal units should be organized as a progressive care line, with intermediate and intensive care beds (conventional and kangaroo). The aim of this study was to evaluate the status and adequacy of neonatal beds in maternity hospitals linked to the 'Stork Network' ("Rede Cegonha"). A descriptive study was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals in all regions of Brazil. The databases used belonged to the Stork Network Evaluation Survey and the National Live Birth System. To assess the distribution of neonatal beds by typology, the parameters proposed in Ordinance N. 930/2012 of the Ministry of Health were used. Most neonatal units are not organized as a progressive care line with the three types of bed planned. Kangaroo intermediate care beds comprise the minority of implanted beds. There is a concentration of intensive and intermediate beds in the Southeast and South regions, which show a kangaroo intermediate care bed deficit. Analyzing the adequacy of beds by the number of live births, one can observe an inadequacy of Kangaroo care beds in all regions of Brazil, as well as intensive bed deficit in the North and Northeast regions, and adequacy of conventional intermediate care beds in all regions.

As unidades neonatais devem ser organizadas como uma linha de cuidados progressivos com leitos de cuidado intensivo e intermediário (convencional e canguru). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a situação e a adequação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades da Rede Cegonha. Estudo descritivo, realizado em 606 maternidades em todas as regiões do Brasil. Os bancos de dados utilizados foram os da Avaliação da Atenção ao Parto e Nascimento em Maternidades da Rede Cegonha e do Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos. Para avaliar a distribuição de leitos neonatais por tipologia, foram utilizados os parâmetros propostos na Portaria GM/MS nº 930/2012. A minoria das unidades se organiza como uma linha de cuidados progressiva com as três tipologias de leito previstas (24,42%). Os leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru são a minoria dos leitos implantados (11,27%). Há uma concentração de leitos intensivos e intermediários nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, que apresentam déficit de leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru. Ao analisar a adequação dos leitos pelo número de nascidos vivos, verifica-se inadequação dos leitos de cuidado Canguru em todas as regiões do Brasil, déficit de leitos intensivos nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e adequação de leitos de cuidado intermediário convencional em todas as regiões.

Atenção hospitalar ao recém-nascido saudável no Brasil: estamos avançando na garantia das boas práticas? / Care for healthy newborns in Brazil: are we making progress in achieving best practices?

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo comparar práticas do cuidado ao recém-nascido saudável no momento do nascimento em hospitais públicos e mistos conveniados ao SUS, segundo o tipo de parto, verificadas na pesquisa "Nascer no Brasil/2011" (NB) e no último ciclo avaliativo da RC, aqui denominada "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017" (ARC). O NB incluiu uma amostra com representatividade nacional de 266 hospitais e a ARC foi conduzida em 606 maternidades inseridas na estratégia Rede Cegonha, totalizando 15.994 e 8.047 pares de puérperas e recém-nascidos saudáveis, respectivamente. Entre os dois estudos, NB-2011 e ARC-2017, embora a proporção de cesariana tenha se mantido em torno de 44%, a prevalência do contato pele a pele com o RN, da amamentação na sala de parto e nas primeiras 24h de vida aumentaram, 140%, 82% e 6%, respectivamente. Já a proporção de aspiração de vias aéreas superiores do RN, caiu 65%. Os resultados indicam que o uso de diretrizes baseadas em evidências para o cuidado de recém-nascidos saudáveis aumentou na prática clínica, considerando o período de seis anos entre os estudos comparados. Apesar desse progresso, permanecem importantes desafios para garantir as melhores práticas para a totalidade de mulheres e recém-nascidos, principalmente em relação aos partos cesáreos.

Abstract This paper aims to compare best practices for healthy newborns in public and mixed hospitals affiliated with SUS, according to type of birth, between "Nascer no Brasil/2011" (NB - Birth in Brazil) and in the last assessment cycle of Rede Cegonha, here called "Avaliação da Rede Cegonha/2017" (ARC - Stork Network Assessment). NB included a sample with national representativeness of 266 hospitals, and ARC was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals included in the Rede Cegonha strategy, totaling 15,994 and 8,047 pairs of healthy mothers and newborns, respectively.Between the two studies, NB-2011 and ARC-2017, although the proportion of cesarean sections remained around 44%, the prevalence of skin-to-skin contact with newborns, breastfeeding in the delivery room and breastfeeding in the first 24h of life increased by 140%, 82% and 6%, respectively. The proportion of upper airway aspiration of newborns dropped 65%. The results indicate that the use of evidence-based guidelines for the care of healthy newborns has increased in clinical practice, considering the six-year period between the compared studies. Despite the progress, important challenges remain to ensure best practices for all women and newborns, especially in relation to cesarean births.

Situação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades brasileiras: uma análise exploratória / Neonatal bed status in Brazilian maternity hospitals: an exploratory analysis

Resumo As unidades neonatais devem ser organizadas como uma linha de cuidados progressivos com leitos de cuidado intensivo e intermediário (convencional e canguru). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a situação e a adequação dos leitos neonatais em maternidades da Rede Cegonha. Estudo descritivo, realizado em 606 maternidades em todas as regiões do Brasil. Os bancos de dados utilizados foram os da Avaliação da Atenção ao Parto e Nascimento em Maternidades da Rede Cegonha e do Sistema Nacional de Nascidos Vivos. Para avaliar a distribuição de leitos neonatais por tipologia, foram utilizados os parâmetros propostos na Portaria GM/MS nº 930/2012. A minoria das unidades se organiza como uma linha de cuidados progressiva com as três tipologias de leito previstas (24,42%). Os leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru são a minoria dos leitos implantados (11,27%). Há uma concentração de leitos intensivos e intermediários nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, que apresentam déficit de leitos de cuidado intermediário Canguru. Ao analisar a adequação dos leitos pelo número de nascidos vivos, verifica-se inadequação dos leitos de cuidado Canguru em todas as regiões do Brasil, déficit de leitos intensivos nas regiões Norte e Nordeste e adequação de leitos de cuidado intermediário convencional em todas as regiões.

Abstract Neonatal units should be organized as a progressive care line, with intermediate and intensive care beds (conventional and kangaroo). The aim of this study was to evaluate the status and adequacy of neonatal beds in maternity hospitals linked to the 'Stork Network' ("Rede Cegonha"). A descriptive study was conducted in 606 maternity hospitals in all regions of Brazil. The databases used belonged to the Stork Network Evaluation Survey and the National Live Birth System. To assess the distribution of neonatal beds by typology, the parameters proposed in Ordinance N. 930/2012 of the Ministry of Health were used. Most neonatal units are not organized as a progressive care line with the three types of bed planned. Kangaroo intermediate care beds comprise the minority of implanted beds. There is a concentration of intensive and intermediate beds in the Southeast and South regions, which show a kangaroo intermediate care bed deficit. Analyzing the adequacy of beds by the number of live births, one can observe an inadequacy of Kangaroo care beds in all regions of Brazil, as well as intensive bed deficit in the North and Northeast regions, and adequacy of conventional intermediate care beds in all regions.

Avaliação do local de nascimento de recém-natos com idade gestacional inferior a 34 semanas segundo complexidade da Unidade Neonatal em maternidades vinculadas à Rede Cegonha: Brasil, 2016-2017 / Evaluation of the birthplace of newborns with gestational age less than 34 weeks according to the complexity of the Neonatal Unit in maternity hospitals linked to the "Rede Cegonha": Brazil, 2016-2017

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o local de nascimento dos prematuros com menos de 34 semanas gestacionais segundo tipo de serviço de assistência neonatal em maternidades da Rede Cegonha, bem como estimar os fatores maternos associados ao local de nascimento não apropriado para idade gestacional. Estudo seccional, de âmbito nacional, realizado em 2016/2017, para avaliação de estabelecimentos com plano de ação da Rede Cegonha. Foram analisadas informações de 303 puérperas e os respectivos locais de ocorrência do parto. Os recém-natos foram classificados segundo a idade gestacional ao nascer (< 30 e 30 a 33 semanas) e os serviços de saúde como unidade de cuidados intensivos neonatais, cuidados intermediários, sem serviço de cuidados neonatais. A portaria ministerial nº 930/2012 foi utilizada para classificar o local de nascimento como apropriado para a idade gestacional do recém-nato. A prevalência de nascimento pré-termo com menos de 30 semanas gestacional foi 37,3 e entre 30 e 33 semanas de 66,8. O nascimento em serviços não apropriado para a idade gestacional do recém-nascido ocorreu em 6,3%, com importantes diferenças regionais e sociais. Apesar dos avanços ainda persistem inequidades no acesso aos cuidados neonatais de prematuros na Rede Cegonha.

Abstract This study aims to evaluate the birthplace of preterm infants with less than 34 gestational weeks at birth by type of neonatal care service in maternity hospitals of the "Rede Cegonha" and estimate the maternal factors associated with the inadequate place of birth for gestational age. This national cross-sectional study was performed in 2016/2017 to evaluate health establishments with the Rede Cegonha's action plan. Information was analyzed from 303 puerperae and the respective health establishments of their births. Newborns were classified by gestational age at birth (<30 and 30-33 weeks) and health establishments as hospitals with neonatal intensive care service, hospitals with intermediate neonatal care service, and hospitals without neonatal care service. Ministerial Ordinance N° 930/2012 was used to classify the birthplace as appropriate for the newborn's gestational age. Preterm birth prevalence was 37.3 at less than 30 weeks' gestation and 66.8 at 30-33 weeks. Birth in inappropriate services for the newborn's gestational age occurred in 6.3%, with significant regional and social differences. Inequalities in access to neonatal care for preterm infants persist in the "Rede Cegonha" despite advances.

Busca por cuidados de saúde: itinerário terapêutico de crianças egressas de unidades neonatais / Search for health care: therapeutic itinerary of children discharged from the neonatal units / Búsqueda de cuidados de salud: itinerario terapéutico de niños de alta de unidades neonatales

Objetivo: Compreender os caminhos percorridos por mães e cuidadoras na busca pelo cuidado de crianças egressas de unidades neonatais. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo e exploratório, realizado entre maio e junho de 2018, com mães e cuidadoras de crianças nascidas entre 2014 e 2015, egressas de duas unidades neonatais públicas de uma capital do Nordeste brasileiro. Realizaram-se 14 entrevistas semiestruturadas, e se utilizou análise de conteúdo na modalidade temática. Apreenderam-se três categorias que evidenciam possíveis caminhos percorridos para o cuidado, perpassando, em sua maioria, pelos três setores: "O setor informal como ponto de partida para o cuidado", "O uso do setor popular como prática de cura", "O uso do setor profissional: alternativa para consulta". Resultados: O setor informal foi o mais relatado pelas cuidadoras. Em geral, a primeira escolha era pela automedicação orientada de forma transgeracional, pelas avós. O uso do setor popular foi influenciado pelo conhecimento prévio das famílias e sua percepção do processo saúde-doença. A cultura biomédica perpassou os três setores e influenciou na construção do itinerário terapêutico. No setor profissional identificou-se vínculo frágil, principalmente na atenção primária. Conclusão: Os caminhos percorridos por mães e cuidadoras de egressos de unidades neonatais apontaram sobreposição da medicalização em detrimento dos saberes populares. Acolher e manejar os repertórios sociais e culturais das famílias pode contribuir para fortalecer vínculos terapêuticos com o setor profissional. A Atenção Primária à Saúde precisa ser fortalecida para garantir a qualificação do cuidado às crianças.

Objective: To understand the paths taken by mothers and caregivers while searching for care for children discharged from neonatal units. Methods: Qualitative and exploratory study, carried out between May and June 2018, with mothers and caregivers of children born between 2014 and 2015, discharged from two public neonatal units in a capital from a Northeastern Brazil state. Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted, and content analysis was used in the thematic modality. Three categories were found that show possible paths taken for the care, mostly passing through the three sectors: "the informal sector as a starting point for the care", "the use of the popular sector as a healing practice", and "the use of professional sector: an alternative for consultation". Results: The informal sector was the most addressed sector by caregivers. In general, the first choice was for self-medication oriented transgenerationally by grandmothers. The use of the popular sector was influenced by the families' prior knowledge and their perception of the health-disease process. Biomedical culture permeated the three sectors and influenced the construction of the therapeutic itinerary. In the professional sector, a fragile bond was identified, mainly in primary care. Conclusion: The paths taken by mothers and caregivers of newborns discharged from neonatal units pointed to an overlap of medicalization to detriment of popular culture. Hosting and managing families' social and cultural repertoires contribute to strengthening therapeutic links with the professional sector. Primary Health Care needs to be strengthened to guarantee the qualification of care for children.

Objetivo: Comprender los caminos recorridos por madres y cuidadoras para la búsqueda del cuidado de niños de alta de unidades neonatales. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo y exploratorio realizado entre mayo y junio de 2018 con madres y cuidadoras de niños nacidos entre 2014 y 2015 de alta de dos unidades neonatales públicas de una capital del Noreste brasileño. Se realizaron 14 entrevistas semiestructuradas y se ha utilizado el análisis de contenido en la modalidad temática. Se ha identificado três categorías que evidencian los posibles caminos recogidos para el cuidado pasando en su mayoría por los tres sectores: "El sector informal para el punto de inicio del cuidado", "El uso del sector popular para la práctica de cura", "El uso del sector profesional: alternativa para la consulta". Resultados: El sector informal ha sido el más relatado por las cuidadoras. En general, la primera elección era el auto medicación orientada por las generaciones de abuelas. El uso del sector popular ha sido influenciado por el conocimiento previo de las familias y su percepción del proceso salud-enfermedad. La cultura biomédica ha pasado por los tres sectores y ha influenciado para la construcción del itinerario terapéutico. Se ha identificado un vínculo frágil en el sector profesional sobre todo en la atención primaria. Conclusión: Los caminos recogidos por madres y cuidadoras de niños de alta de unidades neonatales señalaron el solapamiento de la medicalización con pérdida de los saberes populares. Acoger y manejar los repertorios sociales y culturales de las familias puede contribuir para reforzar los vínculos terapéuticos con el sector profesional. Hace falta el fortalecimiento de la Atención Primaria de Salud para garantizar la cualificación del cuidado de los niños.

Birth by cesarean delivery and central adiposity in adolescents from a birth cohort.

The aim of this study was to analyze the association between birth by cesarean section and central adiposity in adolescents in São Luís, Maranhão State, Brazil. This was a cohort study that included 601 participants evaluated at birth and at 18-19 years. At birth we assessed type of delivery, maternal education, family income, maternal marital status, maternal body mass index before pregnancy, prenatal care, maternal smoking habit, gestational age at delivery and intrauterine growth restriction. In the adolescents, we evaluated central adiposity using the dual X-ray energy absorptiometry method. The indicators of central fat used were the trunk-to-total fat mass ratio (T/T), the android-to-gynoid fat mass ratio (A/G), the trunk-to-limb fat mass ratio (T/Lb), and the trunk-to-leg fat mass ratio (T/Lg). A theoretical model for the study of associations was developed using directed acyclic graphs, which allowed selecting the variables that required minimum adjustment for inclusion in the predictive model of exposure to cesarean delivery. The data were analyzed with marginal structural models weighted by the inverse of the probability of selection. A total of 38.6% of the adolescents studied were delivered by cesarean section. There was no significant difference in the central adiposity of adolescents delivered by cesarean section according to the indicators used: T/T ( coefficient = -0.003; 95%CI: -0.013; 0.007), A/G (coefficient = 0.001; 95%CI: -0.015; 0.018); T/Lb (coefficient = -0.016; 95%CI: -0.048; 0.016); T/Lg (coefficient = 0.014; 95%CI: -0.060; 0.030). In conclusion, there was no association between cesarean section delivery and greater central adiposity in the studied adolescents.